Keelin+History

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= **The Childhood of Queen Elizabeth I** =

The Childhood of Queen Elizabeth I was a difficult one. Elizabeth was born 7 September 1533 at Greenwich Palace. The child of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Her much awaited birth was a huge disappointed to King Henry who longed for a male heir. Everyone had predicted the birth of a boy - the King had expected it. The attitude from Queen Anne Boleyn showed great courage and was basically 'a fine healthy girl this time, a lusty boy will be next'.

** The Childhood of Princess Elizabeth - the Death of Anne Boleyn ** **So during the first two years of the Childhood of Princess Elizabeth she was**  **treated with the utmost care and respect. But her fortunes fell with the**  **downfall of her mother, the tragic Anne Boleyn.**   **Anne Boleyn became pregnant again by January 1534 but she miscarried.**   **Another pregnancy followed but the child, which was reported to have**   **been a boy, was stillborn. Anne's failure to produce a male heir proved to**  **be her downfall. Henry believed that their union was cursed and his attentions**  **turned to one of her ladies-in-waiting, Jane Seymour. Anne was arrested and**  **condemned to death on the charges of treason, adultery and incest (with her**   **brother George Boleyn).** ** On May 19th 1536 Queen Anne Boleyn beheaded on ** ** Tower Hill. Anne's body and head were buried in an unmarked grave in the ** ** Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula. Within 24 hours of Anne Boleyn's execution, ** ** Jane Seymour and Henry VIII were formally betrothed. Elizabeth was not yet ** ** three years old. On the 30th of May 1536 King Henry, and the already pregnant, ** ** Jane Seymour were married. **

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After five centuries, Columbus remains a mysterious and controversial figure who has been variously described as one of the greatest mariners in history, a visionary genius, a mystic, a national hero, a failed administrator, a naive entrepreneur, and a ruthless and greedy imperialist.

Columbus's enterprise to find a westward route to Asia grew out of the practical experience of a long and varied maritime career, as well as out of his considerable reading in geographical and theological literature.

He settled for a time in Portugal, where he tried unsuccessfully to enlist support for his project, before moving to Spain. After many difficulties, through a combination of good luck and persuasiveness, he gained the support of the Catholic monarchs, Isabel and Fernando.

The widely published report of his voyage of 1492 made Columbus famous throughout Europe and secured for him the title of Admiral of the Ocean Sea and further royal patronage.

Columbus, who never abandoned the belief that he had reached Asia, led three more expeditions to the Caribbean. But intrigue and his own administrative failings brought disappointment and political obscurity to his final years.

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Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa ,Italy.

He was the oldest of five children in his family.

His father was a wool weaver.

He helped his father with the weaving,

but he always wanted to sail the seas.

He didn't get to go to school very much,

but he learned to read and write Spanish during his travels.

He also taught himself Latin because all

the geography books were written in Latin.

Some people thought he was trying to prove the world was round,

but this is not true. Most people already knew the earth was round.

He wanted to find a short way to get to the Indies by ship.

He was a Christian and wanted to tell the story of Christ to the

people he would find in the far-away lands.

He also wanted wealth for himself and for Spain,

and he wanted to be famous. He tried for eight years to get King Ferdinand

and Queen Isabella to supply him with ships and money.

Finally they agreed, but he made //more// demands.

He wanted to be made a knight *, admiral * of the Ocean Sea.

He wanted to be the viceroy * and governor * general * of all

lands he would discover.

Also he wanted one-tenth of everything he found of value in the new lands. He even boldly told them he wanted all of this in writing.

This was rather brave of him because they could have had

him killed because of his demands. They finally agreed and he got three ships ready to sail;

the //Santa Maria// and two smaller ships, the //Pinta// and the //Nina.// He took enough food for a year.

In four months he was ready to sail. They left Spain on August 3, 1492.

They made one stop, then sailed on toward the west.

After many days, the sailors were ready to turn around and start back home.

The world was a lot larger than he thought. On Christmas Eve, the Santa Maria was wrecked near Haiti. Columbus built a fort and left 40 men to hunt for gold. Then he returned to Spain on the //Nina//. The //Pinta// also returned. The people of Spain welcomed him as a hero. He made three more voyages across the ocean. His 13-year-old son, Ferdinand went with him on the fourth voyage. Columbus did not become rich as he had hoped. At the end of his life he only had a pension the king and queen had given him because he was the first to reach the New World. He spent the last few months of his life in bed because of the pain of arthritis. Columbus not only discovered a New World, but he led the way for other explorers. ||
 * ====Columbus Taking Possession==== ||  || When they got to Cuba, he thought he was in China.

His ships -- the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria -- departed from Spain on August 3, 1492. These remnants of bones are purported to be those of Christopher Columbus.

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in a strong position of power so that he could solve these problems. As Julius Caesar became more popular with the people, he became more powerful. Leaders in the Senate began to worry. They were afraid that Julius Caesar wanted to take over the government and rule Rome as a king. The leaders of ancient Rome had vowed that the Roman people would never be ruled by a king again. They were right. Julius Caesar did want to take over the government. One of the laws of the original Twelve Tables was that no general could enter the city with his army. Julius Caesar ignored this law. In 49 BCE, he entered Rome with the Roman Legion, and took over the government. The poor people of Rome, who made up the bulk of the population, were glad. The people called him "father of the homeland“. The Senate was furious. || ||
 * The Romans even named a month after him, the month of July for Julius Caesar. When Julius Caesar said he had something to say, the people flocked to the Forum to hear his ideas. His ideas had been good ones. The people trusted him. Julius Caesar told the people that he could solve Rome's problems. Certainly, the Republic had problems. Crime was everywhere. Taxes were outrageous. People were hungry. Many were out of work. It was easier to use slaves to do work than hire Roman people, but the dependency on slave labor was causing Rome unemployment problem. The people were angry that their government had not been able to solve the many problems facing the Republic. Julius Caesar spoke publicly to the people about these problems, and promised to solve them if he could. The people loved him. They wanted to see Julius Caesar



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Growing up in London, Victoria studied history, geography, religion, French, German, painting, and piano.
===By Victoria’s time, British kings and queens had little real power in the government. The prime minister and Parliament ran the empire. But Victoria had strong ideas about how things should be run, and she met regularly with her prime ministers. She appointed ambassadors and, as head of the Church of England, selected //bishops// (chief priests). She also performed many ceremonies, such as the official beginning of a new session of Parliament.Victoria’s most trusted prime ministers included Lord Melbourne, who taught the young queen about government, and Benjamin Disraeli, who expanded and strengthened the British Empire.===

===In February 1840, Victoria married her German cousin, Albert. Prince Albert supported arts, education, science, and industry in Britain. He also organized a world’s fair, the Great Exhibition of 1851, at the Crystal Palace in London.===

Victoria gave birth to nine children between 1840 and 1857. The royal family often traveled to Scotland for quiet time together.
===Victoria’s happy family life ended when Albert died in 1861 at age 42. The queen’s grief shut her away from public life for nearly ten years. Victoria kept working with her government ministers, but people rarely saw their queen. Her popularity began to drop.=== ===During the 1870s, Victoria began returning to her public duties. Her children married into royal families across Europe, including Spain, Russia, Prussia (Germany), Sweden, and Norway. This earned Victoria the unofficial title, “Grandmother of Europe.”=== ===In 1897, the British Empire honored 60 years of the queen’s reign with a Diamond Jubilee celebration. Victoria died on January 22, 1901. She left Britain one of the world’s most powerful nations. To her people, Queen Victoria represented patriotism, high moral standards, and devotion to duty and family.===

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